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In particular, using ≈5 μm thick liquid films of high viscosity, which should make the substrate nearly atomically smooth, we show that air film rupture shifts from asperity-driven to a controlled event.

The polyimide film substrate was utilized as a honeycomb mesh structure to make the substrate more robust against strain.

For example, wrapping Ag nanorods (Ag NRs) with an ultrathin (~1.5 nm) but dense Al2O3 layer could make the substrate robust in morphology at 400 °C and stabilize its SERS efficiency [10].

Kinase and substrate interact on basis of charge, hydrogen bonding or hydrophobic interactions that make the substrate fit perfectly in the active site [30].

Gluing or weaving together of particles in this domain can actually make the substrate more prone to erosion, unless an opportunity is present to bind a number of particles large enough to exceed the critical size range.

Phase I metabolism involves oxidation and hydroxylation reactions that make the substrate more water soluble.

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The simple and controllable fabrication strategy and superior performance make the substrates promising candidates for the development of inexpensive, efficient and mass-produced SERS substrates.

A lot more work is needed to make the substrates flexible, durable and able to keep the display components sealed away from the environment.

And then, in order to make the substrates hydrophilic, the substrates are sonicated for 1 h in RCA (5:1:1, H2O/NH4OH/30% H2O2) solution, which adds many -OH groups to the surface [17].

Additionally, the rheology of the different nanocellulose gels used to make the substrates and deposit 3D constructs was assessed using a simple shear experiment.

However, further functionalization with a Pt nanoparticles selectively makes the substrate as "insulating-like" layer toward electron acceptor species.

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