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To make the spores into a deadly power, "you've got to have a very, very fine particle size," Dr. Hugh-Jones said.
"That is the chilling part, because if they have no limit to their evil intent, the first step is to see if you can infect people, the second is to make the spores readily aerosolizable, and the third would be to release a heck of a lot of it somewhere," he said.
In response to a question by a committee member, he indicated that the review would help resolve confusion over questions such as the source of silicon detected in the anthrax powder, which in the early days of the investigation was ascribed to silica added to make the spores more easily dispersible.
Cultivations with L-arabinose were added D-glucose in order to make the spores germinate.
Mr. Adamovicz said in his e-mail message: "This is very strong evidence that a process more sophisticated than Bruce Ivins or Usamriid possessed was used in making the spore preparations.
In particular, the scientists said that it had been altered to reduce its electrostatic charge, making the spores less likely to clump together and more likely to float in the air.
In addition, he said, Iraq was never able to make dried anthrax, a medium that would have made the lethal spores far more durable and easier to disseminate.
They are characterized by bullet-shaped caps, black spores (which make the gills appear black), and their habit of liquefying when mature, leaving an inky mass.
Ten-fold serial dilutions were made from the spore stock and DNA was extracted from 50 µl portions of each dilution by using the Nuclisens Magnetic Extraction Reagents (bioMérieux).
Since low level of surviving bacteria in the 24-hour groups might be also possible attributed to the low phagocytic efficiency, to investigate whether photocatalysis might make these spores hard to be engulfed by phagocytes, we analyzed the remaining viable spores in the macrophage-culture medium.
Then, reinvesting some resources otherwise allocated to mycelium into spore production would make sense, and would reduce the time to make a spore (the latent period).
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