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Economists look for conditions that make the equilibrium under consideration stable.
It is shown that the parameter β, which reflects the specific predation rate or the interaction strength between two species, can make the equilibrium solution (E_{ast}= u_{ast}, v_{ast})) asymptotically stable or unstable without time delay.
As shown in Fig. 8, the RMS value of travel time difference for the second strategy is ascending with the increase in penetration rate, which means that the increase in penetration rate will make the equilibrium condition worse.
We then have: Since q ij / q ji can be written as a function evaluated at s j divided by the same function evaluated at s i, evolution is time reversible according to this model with: Here, c and c' are constants with c' = -l/4 N e log c, which will be chosen to make the equilibrium frequencies sum to one.
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The grand synthesis being taught makes the equilibrium stochastic and dynamic, but that is all.Capitalism is, however, a disequilibrium dynamic stochastic system as Marx, Wicksell, Schumpeter and Hayek have told us over the past two centuries.
In addition, the flexibility of the applied model makes the equilibrium among different services or different VNOs possible.
Several asymmetries arise between firms in industries with such alternative assumptions, what makes the equilibrium merger be sensitive to the identity of the proposer.
On the other hand, the Allee effect may be a destabilizing force in our predator-prey system which made the equilibrium point change from stable to unstable.
Even if this constraint is intrinsically present in wireless devices, since their power cannot grow infinitely, it makes the equilibrium analysis more involved.
The modal truncation augmentation method (MTAM) is also presented to handle the modal truncation problem by making the equilibrium equations into a subspace equation spanned in terms of the columns of a projection basis given in the GMAM.
A method is presented by making the equilibrium equations of motion into a subspace equation spanned in terms of the columns of a projection basis obtained by considering the use of the contribution of the lower modes and the first two terms of the Neumann expansion of the contribution of the unavailable modes.
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