19 Such two-way causality makes proficiency in the State language potentially endogenous and the obtained coefficients potentially biased.
Forty percent of Asian/Pacific Islander students made proficiency, compared with 32percentt of white students, 12percentt of Hispanic students, and 9percentt of black students.
She touted the diversity of California and the contribution of Latino immigrants even though she wants to make English proficiency a legal requirement for immigration.
Making it easier for people to get a "certificate of competence" or a "digital badge of proficiency" doesn't make them competent or proficient.
One aspect of the No Child Left Behind law that doesn't get enough attention is that while it requires states to make progress toward student proficiency in reading and math, it leaves it up to the states themselves to define "proficiency" and to create the tests that determine what constitutes progress.
You don't need special baking proficiency to make this bread – just be fearless.
The bill requires every child to be tested in math and reading each year in Grades 3 to 8, and specifies state intervention in any school where children as a whole, and within each demographic group, do not demonstrate proficiency or make annual progress toward it.
LEP students speak a language other than English at home1 and have sufficiently low levels of English proficiency to make them eligible for additional services to improve their English skills.
There was a significant difference between the two groups (t = -3.39, df = 161, p < .001), such that those at lower initial proficiency made greater gains (0.40) compared to those at higher initial proficiency (0.02).
Adopting a "branching approach," the CEFR describes finer distinctions within the three superordinate levels (A, basic; B, independent; and C, proficient) so that "the relatively small gains in language proficiency made within language programmes (achievement) can be captured and reported" (Green et al. 2012, p. 48).
