We also had to make imputations based on assumptions of the age distribution of hormone treatment use, since this information was not available before 2004 and not available for the quarter of hormone treatment that does not require a prescription.
First, several different genotyping platforms were used, which made imputation necessary to ensure sufficient overlap between the studies.
We did this because population weights vary more than population heights, which makes imputation less reliable, and the total number missing was much smaller.
This suggests that the distribution of recorded withdrawal dates overlaps only very slightly with that of the unrecorded ones, making imputation inappropriate.
Our approximation is based on the idea that, within a limited genomic region, allelic consistency between study and reference individuals can be used to quickly rule out unhelpful reference haplotypes, thereby making imputation faster without sacrificing accuracy.
Our work was motivated by the idea that growing reference datasets need not make panel selection more difficult or force tradeoffs between imputation speed and accuracy; in principle, larger and more diverse reference collections could actually make it easier to identify haplotype sharing with simple models, thereby making imputation faster and more accurate.
Measured GDP wasn't affected, because statisticians were already making imputations for the shadow economy; so the result was a decline in measured productivity.
For each census, I keep grouped categories in a raw manner, without making imputations to specific origin countries.
In a number of cases (about 25%% of households), the INE makes imputations in food expenditures to correct missing values, errors, absence of answer, etc.
The database fully covers the total stock of immigrants, keeping track of the residual categories reported by Statistical Offices instead of making imputations to specific countries of origin.
