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While it is difficult to make causal links with epidemiological studies, the growing human literature correlating environmental BPA exposure to adverse effects in humans, along with laboratory studies in many species including primates, provides increasing support that environmental BPA exposure can be harmful to humans, especially in regards to behavioral and other effects in children.
Because of the cross-sectional survey design, our data is unable to make causal links.
Furthermore, many of these studies were cross-sectional and limited in their ability to make causal links.
It is almost impossible to make causal links between prenatal contaminant exposure and developmental damage in humans.
Our design, using mixed populations rather than individual clones, does not allow us to make causal links between resistance and pathogenicity of the selected strains because individual clones within the populations may cause different phenotypes.
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One of the trickiest things about PISA is making causal links between specific policies and changes in countries' scores.
As many abilities develop with age, it is difficult to make causal claims about the link between the ability to experience regret and the tendency to switch adaptively based on a sample with such an age range.
Further, the study was cross-sectional in nature and therefore it is not possible to make causal attributions about the link between personality and temperament characteristics and pain catastrophizing.
Academic research found no clear causal link with financial performance.
In this category participants did not make specific causal links between CHD and depression.
Thus, there are times when textbook authors surely have to hedge, making implied causal links rather than explicit ones.
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