Our meta-analysis addresses the sick quitter effect by making lifetime abstention the reference category.
The students responded with assemblies, workshops, marches, bulletins, fliers and telephone and e-mail campaigns, all designed to make ordinary Venezuelans understand that abstention was suicide.
Not long ago China and Russia wanted to put off the whole process.Mahmoud Ahmadinejad, Iran's president, will make much of Lebanon's abstention and the No votes of Brazil and Turkey.
Meanwhile, campaigners for the option of "none of the above" to be included on ballot papers are continuing to make their case that conscious abstention is better than no participation at all in the democratic process.
At best, it may help shrinking abstention, which would make it mechanically harder for Vucic to reach 50% of votes at the first round.
She voted in both division lobbies to make what she called a "principled abstention" on the issue.
Participants were requested to review the instructions on how to apply the FORTA principle; study the author-based labels (A D) for each item and provide their own FORTA labels (or abstention) whenever in disagreement; and make comments.
A lengthy general election campaign and an arduous finish made it inevitable that abstention this week would be high and, in Italy, high rates of abstention favour the left.In fact, turnout was even worse than anybody expected.
It's in this context that Labour's mass abstention over yesterday's welfare bill starts to make sense.
And while the current foreign minister, Guido Westerwelle, the architect of Germany's Libya abstention, has made it clear that the chemical attack in Syria must trigger direct action by the international community, he has said only that "Germany will be among those who deem such consequences as appropriate," and has remained firmly opposed to any military participation.
