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Mutations can make it impossible for a cell to make a protein from a gene.
With two copies, the body cannot make a protein essential to modulating the immune system.
When E. coli begins using a gene to make a protein, it does not produce a smoothly increasing supply.
To recap: a gene is a stretch of DNA that contains the instructions to make a protein.
The pivotal gene is used to make a protein called dystrophin which is crucial for muscle fibre strength.
A gene, they argued, was a specific stretch of DNA containing the instructions to make a protein molecule.
That RNA transcript would then be translated to make a protein.
Gene chips, which detect genes that are active, meaning they are being used to make a protein, have become essential tools.
Like a number of other genetically engineered crops, StarLink has been altered with a bacterial gene to make a protein that kills the corn borer caterpillar.
The researchers discovered that it directs cells to make a protein that is in membranes and helps move nutrients into cells.
The cell strips out the intronic DNA and splices the remaining segments together before using the information to make a protein.
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