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Surgical procedures in orthopaedics and traumatology fall into four general categories: major orthopaedic surgery, minor orthopaedic surgery, major trauma surgery, and minor trauma surgery.
Exclusion criteria were severe heart failure, immunologic disorders, neoplastic disease, evidence of acute or recent (<2 months) infection, recent major trauma, surgery or revascularization procedure, or treatment with immunosuppressive or anti-inflammatory agents (except low-dose aspirin).
Patients were excluded if they were>65 years old, had severe heart failure, immunologic disorders, neoplasm disease, evidence of acute or recent (<2 months) infection, recent major trauma, surgery or revascularization procedure, or treatment with immunosuppressive or anti-inflammatory agents (except low-dose aspirin).
Other studies have shown low to only moderately elevated PCT in uninfected patients after major trauma, surgery and cardiogenic shock [ 6- 8].
Indeed, blood PCT concentrations can rise in various non-septic conditions: major trauma, surgery, acute respiratory distress syndrome, multiorgan failure, post-transplantation rejection, cardiogenic shock, severe burns, heat stroke, and so on.
This will also include patients who are not undernourished at the time but are at risk of becoming so because of disease and/or its treatment, eg, major trauma, surgery, or chemotherapy, since both may cause impairment of food intake and increased stress metabolism.
Similar(54)
Patients presenting with ACS thought to be secondary to major trauma or surgery were excluded.
Uncontrolled abdominal abscess after major trauma or surgery easily makes a patient septic condition.
Furthermore, procalcitonin levels may also be elevated after major trauma or surgery, after cardiopulmonary bypass, and in patients with C-cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland and small-cell carcinoma of the lung [ 4].
We then excluded patients with history of recent, −within the past 6 months- severe chronic heart failure (class NYHA II - IV), malignant diseases, major trauma or surgery, severe renal (creatinine > 2 mg/dl) or liver insufficiency (ALT > 2 times upper normal limit), acute or chronic infectious disease, or any kind of immune-mediated disease.
Patients with abdominal infection or abscess after major trauma or major surgery were examined.
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