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In our secondary, exploratory analyses, we examined associations with measures of residential proximity to major roadways as well as traffic density.
We examined associations of residential distance to major roadways, as a proxy for traffic-related air pollution exposures, with sperm characteristics and male reproductive hormones.
Bill de Blasio, the city's public advocate, said Mr. Bloomberg should have declared a snow emergency, requiring that parked vehicles be removed from major roadways, as the storm approached on Saturday evening.
We also assessed distance to major roadways as a proxy for overall traffic exposures.
A growing body of evidence supports the use of cumulative traffic near the home and distance from major roadways as proxies for exposure to traffic-related air pollution.
Traffic-related air pollutant studies have often relied upon residential distance to highway and major roadways as an indicator of exposure as well as modeled concentrations of fine particulate matter (PM2.5), NOx, UFP and other pollutants [ 13- 16].
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We calculated residential distance to the nearest major roadway as a marker of long-term exposure to traffic pollution.
First, we considered residential distance to nearest major roadway as a continuous variable on both the original scale and after taking the natural logarithm.
We used cumulative traffic within 100 m of subjects' residence and distance from major roadway as proxies for exposure to traffic-related air pollution.
Second, we considered annual mean residential BC levels instead of residential distance to major roadway as a marker of long-term exposure to traffic pollution.
We estimated residential distance to the nearest major roadway as a marker of long-term exposure to traffic pollution and assessed short-term exposure to ambient fine particulate matter (PM2.5), sulfates, black carbon (BC), ultrafine particles, and gaseous pollutants, averaged over the 2 weeks preceding each assessment.
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