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The Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigote membrane provides a major protective role against mammalian host-derived defense mechanisms while allowing the parasite to interact with different cell types and trigger pathogenesis.
sod3 gene is highly expressed in the lung, where it plays a major protective role by controlling oxidative stress and inflammation and regulating redox homeostasis of the airways [8].
Since the production of peroxynitrite is associated with decreased renal blood flow and acute kidney injury [13, 14], ECSOD could play a major protective role in this context, but little is known about its modulation during sepsis.
The phase II detoxification enzymes execute a major protective role against xenobiotics as well as endogenous toxicants.
Although other report denied the presence of any GST activity in the nucleus [18] various reports [19], [20] including a recent work by Stella et al. [21] clearly showed that at least α-GST isoform is present, both inside the nucleus and in the outer nuclear membrane, suggesting that GST plays a major protective role in the nucleus against alkylating compounds and organic peroxides.
In Asia, shelter belts formed by Casuarina trees have played a major protective role during typhoons and tsunami [ 44].
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The phase II detoxification enzymes such as GST, glutathione reductase, glutathione peroxidase, UGT, and NAD(P H:quinone oxidoreductase are recognized as playing major protective roles against oxidants [7] [9].
One of the major protective roles of AMPK in cell survival is carried out through its regulatory role in autophagy [ 21, 24], a cellular process for the recycling and re-utilization of the damaged macromolecules and organelles using intracellular lysosomal degradative pathway [ 24, 25].
For example, intraerythrocytic P. falciparum is heavily dependent on antioxidant systems despite its almost totally fermentative lifestyle, yet it lacks significant antioxidant enzymes like catalase and glutathione peroxidase, which play major protective roles in mammalian cells (Müller, 2004; Vonlaufen et al., 2008).
These data indicate that ubiquitination and degradation of IFNAR1 in the bone marrow-derived cells recruited to the foci of inflammation plays a common major tissue protective role.
They also concluded that both ER sub-types could influence bone turnover and trabecular structure in females, with ERα as the major effector while ERβ could only play a minor protective role [ 17].
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