Using a high-throughput reverse-phase phosphoproteome analysis during the time course of infection of HSAECs with the virulent wild-type RVFV strain ZH-501 we identified changes in major prosurvival and proapoptotic pathways controlled by the virus.
It is known that immune-mediated apoptosis induction, as the major threat to ECTV replication success, is mediated via several proapoptotic pathways [43], [44].
A better understanding of alternative proapoptotic pathways, however, may help to design novel therapeutic strategies for patients with advanced RCC.
The role of nonhemodynamic factors, such as dysfunctional inflammatory cascades, oxidative stress, activation of proapoptotic pathways, differential molecular expression, and leukocyte trafficking, in AKI has been increasingly recognized [89, 90].
AGEs interact with the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) and transduce signals through activation of MAPKs and proapoptotic pathways.
AGEs interact with the receptor for AGEs (RAGE) which results in the propagation of stress signals and activation of MAPKs, NF-κB, and several proapoptotic pathways [8], [9].
The downstream signaling effectors include prosurvival and proapoptotic pathways, and it is anticipated that the balance between prosurvival and proapoptotic pathways determines the ultimate outcome of ER stress response, while the precise molecular mechanisms involved in cell fate determination remain to be delineated.
TNF-α is a major proapoptotic stimulant in adipocytes (32).
α-TEA exerts its anticancer actions via activation of proapoptotic pathways and suppression of prosurvival pathways.
One common method is the use of antiapoptotic proteins that inhibit well-characterized proapoptotic pathways.
