Iron levels are carefully controlled in terms of adsorption, stores, plasma levels and transferrin saturation, whereas major physiological pathways for its excretion are lacking in higher organisms.
However, it remains entirely unclear which major physiological pathways in Daphnia sp. are affected by the binding of microcystin to protein phosphatases 1 and 2A.
We identified a subset of 45 of these 92 candidate transcripts involved in several major physiological pathways associated with diapause including stress proteins, nutrient storage and metabolism, and endocrine signaling (Additional file 3).
However, it remains unclear which major physiological pathways are affected by a putative binding of microcystins to these protein phosphatases, and which of the associated elements cause the difference in tolerance among different Daphnia genotypes.
Despite their complexity, there is a high degree of convergence throughout the animal kingdom in the basic molecular structure and targets of venom toxins, which include most major physiological pathways and tissues accessible by blood (Escoubas and King 2009; Casewell et al. 2013).
We chose for the agonists TRAP, ADP and CRP, which stimulate the three major physiological platelet activation pathways.
The circadian clocks are organized around three major physiological components: an input pathway that receives environmental cues and entrain the oscillator, a central oscillator that keeps circadian time and generates rhythms, and an output pathway that generates manifested rhythmic processes throughout the body [ 7].
In addition, analogously to other steroids (27– 29), GCs regulate various major physiological functions via nongenomic pathways (7, 8, 30– 30).
Major physiological traits – N-fixation, and photosynthetic pathway – were not explanatory of either weed or noxious fraction.
The PC pathway is both a major physiological anticoagulant system and a central link between inflammation and coagulation.
