Cardiac or major vascular perforation is a rare but serious risk of ECMO.
Wang et al reported major complications (perforation fistula) in 16% of patients [27] and a review reported up to 30% of these complications [29].
Ulcers give rise to major bleeding, perforation, or obstruction.
No major complications (perforation, haemorrhage) were reported following NaCl 0.9% bowel preparation or jumbo biopsy forceps (allowing larger and more viable rectal specimens, 353 biopsies performed in total), thus making this a safe procedure.
The major sites of perforation were the small intestine (42.9%) and colon (40.9%).
Serious complications (such as perforation, major bleeding, and death) occur in 3.1 colonoscopies per 1000 screened.
42 The procedure is generally safe and well tolerated with a reported 0% mortality and less than 1% major complications including perforation and hemorrhage.
Twenty-eight days after the procedure, or earlier in case of major complication (esophageal perforation, death), animals were euthanized with 100 mg/kg intravenous injection of 7 mg pentobarbital (Dolethal; Vétoquinol, Paris, France), and underwent a necropsy with esophagectomy afterward.
On the other hand, colonoscopy offers significant improvements in detection rates for CRC but it also has important disadvantages associated, as inconvenience, high economic burden and potential major complications (bleeding, perforation) [ 13, 14].
Apart from a nasal septal perforation and a tympanic membrane perforation, no major complications were detected.
