The concentrations of major ions, such as K+, Na+, Ca2+, Mg2+, Cl−, SO42−, HCO3−, and CO32−) are summarised in Table 3.
The total dissolved solids mainly depend on the concentration of major ions such as Ca, Mg, Na, K, HCO3, Cl, and SO4.
The high loadings for the major ions such as Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+, and Cl− probably show the result of mineral-water reactions influenced by anthropogenic activities.
The samples were collected in polyethylene bottles for the analysis of total hardness, total dissolved solids (TDS) and major ions such as Na, K, Ca, Mg, HCO3, CO3, Cl and SO4 in the laboratory.
Major ions such as Sodium (Na+) and Potassium (K+) were analyzed in the laboratory using the flame photometer (Sherwood model 420 with detection limit of 0.001, Eaton et al. 2005).
A detailed geochemical study of groundwater is used to understand the role of various elements in groundwater aquifer, including all the major ions such as Na, K, Ca, Mg, Fe, Mn, Zn, Cu, Pb, As, Cd and how the elemental fluxes are exchanged through atmospheric, terrestrial and aquatic interactions.
The collected samples from specific formations were analysed for physical parameters, such as electrical conductivity (EC), pH and major ion concentrations, such as Ca, Mg, Na, K, Cl, HCO3, PO4 and SO4.
The samples are analyzed for major cations (Na+, K+, Ca2+, and Mg2+); and anions (Cl−, SO42−, HCO3−) and minor ions such as fluoride (F−), nitrate (NO3−), and phosphate (PO43−).
The main water types have been identified on the basis of the major ion concentrations such as in Aly and Benaabidate (2010) and Aly et al. (2013).
The quality and quantity of ground and surface water resources potentially affected by drilling should be studied, including analyses of major ions, trace metals, dissolved gases such as methane, radioactivity, and a range of organic compounds.
For each event, samples were analyzed for the age-dating tracers H, CFCs, and C as well as major ions, trace elements, and field parameters such as pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and specific conductance (SC; Bexfield et al. 2012).
