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A reversed LDG has already been implied for major fungal groups by several surveys of environmental sequences32,33,34 and phylogenetic analyses22,35, in particular for ectomycorrhizal fungi.
Amazingly fine chytrid fossils are known from the Devonian Rhynie Chert, where they occur alongside representatives of other major fungal groups.
Mycoviruses (fungal viruses) are widespread in all major fungal groups and most of these cause little or no obvious symptoms in their fungal hosts.
It will be interesting to compare the hitherto uncharacterized zygomycetous P450ome to arrive at the ancestral P450ome that led to the current P450 diversity among these three major fungal groups (ascomycetes, zygomycetes and basidiomycetes).
The phylogenetic relationships among major fungal groups were largely consistent across different analyses in this study, with moderate to strong support (fig. 1, supplementary table S4, Supplementary Material online).
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To study the evolution of gene order in a representative data set of the major fungal group, the dikarya (constituted by the basidiomycetes and the ascomycetes), we obtained the complete mt genomes and proteomes of 38 species available in GenBank (table 1).
FUNYBASE provides a subset of 21 genomes representing the major fungal taxonomic groups across a large phylogenetic scale, among which 246 clusters of single copy proteins were identified (Table S1).
The panfungal PCR assay [ 61] detects the small-subunit rRNA gene sequence of major fungal organism groups, with a sensitivity of 80% and a specificity of 95.6% [ 66].
The distribution of fungal NRPS subfamilies across the major fungal taxonomic groups supports previous findings that NRPSs are much more abundant in Euascomycetes than in Basidiomycetes and are scarce in Chytridiomycota, Zygomycota, Schizosaccharomycota, and Hemiascomycota [ 10, 65, 66].
Past studies without a constraining maximum age have placed the minimum age origin of fungi and the major terrestrial fungal groups at over a billion years (Heckman et al. 2001; Hedges et al. 2004; Padovan et al. 2005; Parfrey et al. 2011).
Over 400 fungal phylotypes were recovered across this region and nearly half of them grouped into two major fungal lineages of Ascomycota and Basidiomycota, whose abundance varied among stations.
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