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Ctip2 is a major downstream effector of Fezf2 in regulating the extension of axons toward subcortical targets and can rescue the axonal phenotype of Fezf2 mutants.
Importantly, inactivation of Yorkie was sufficient to prevent the overgrowth phenotype observed in Hippo pathway mutants, indicating that Yorkie is the major downstream effector of the pathway [12],[12].
ROCK is a major downstream effector of RhoA GTPase.
Akt is a major downstream effector of the IGF1R in mammals and in zebrafish [19].
A major downstream effector for Rho GTPases is the ROCK serine/threonin kinase (Rho-associated, coiled-coil-containing protein kinase), which consists of two family members ROCK I (P160ROCK) and ROCK II with redundant functions [3], [4].
NF- κB pathway is a major downstream effector pathway leading to chemoresistance.
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ADP-ribosyltransferases (ARTD1 16) have emerged as major downstream effectors of NAD+ signaling in the cell.
As one of the major downstream effectors of GPCRs, Akt can acquire information from the receptors and coordinate intracellular responses for many signaling pathways, through which the serine/threonine kinase masters numerous aspects of biological processes, such as cell survival, growth, proliferation, migration, angiogenesis, and metabolism.
Studies with the polyomavirus enhancer region revealed that ETS family transcription factors are major downstream effectors of RAS/MAPK signaling [58].
As the major downstream effectors of the Hippo pathway, unphosphorylated YAP/TAZ translocate to the nucleus and induce target gene transcription by interacting with the transcription factors TEADs (TEAD1 4).
RAS predominantly engages the RAF pathway and the PI3K pathway as major downstream effectors in various cancers.
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