Major depression was measured using the Mini International Neuropsychiatric Interview.
Major depression was prevalent in 3.3% of patients and minor depression in 6.9% of patients.
Specifically, "major depression was by far the most common affective disorder in persons with migraine with aura and migraine without aura" [47].
Another study [33] compared migraine sufferers with daily headache patients with chronic substance abuse, and found that major depression was twice as frequent in patients with analgesic abuse.
A recent systematic review and meta-analysis of lithium augmentation of tricyclic and second generation antidepressants in major depression was published by Nelson et al. (2014).
A lifetime history of major depression was reported to be associated with reduced tyramine conjugation (a marker of endogenous depression) in migraine patients compared with controls [69].
Results: The overall weighted prevalence of current (30-day) major depression was 3.2% with the highest rate (5.2%) being found in females in mid life.
Mood disorders were most common; major depression was prevalent in 10.1% of patients and minor depression was seen in 12.4% of patients.
Major depression was associated with an increased prevalence of hypertension.
Major depression was associated with an even larger impairment in recognition of facial expressions of emotion (d = −0.58).
In turn, major depression was linked to difficulty falling asleep, nocturnal waking, anxiety, being victim to verbal, physical or sexual abuse, alcohol consumption and abuse, and suicide attempts.
