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Diagnosis delay may negatively influence the clinical course of major depression; however, few studies have analysed the role of environmental factors on diagnosis delay.
In major depression, however, functional connectivity between OFC and rDLPFC was found to be increased (Frodl et al. 2010).
Optimal animal models for major depression, however, have not been developed yet, undoubtedly at least partly due to the intrinsically human nature of these complex behavioral phenotypes.
We detected three polymorphisms (SLC6A4 intron 2 VNTR, 2 COMT polymorphisms) which may contribute to the genetic susceptibility to major depression, however, only one (SLC6A4) which held up to multiple comparison corrections.
We did not see a significant interaction of CRHR1 variants and child abuse on lifetime diagnosis of major depression; however, the distribution of the protective alleles in the different groups was consistent with an over-representation of the protective CRHR1 alleles in individuals with child abuse but no lifetime major depression.
Nevertheless, in 2 randomized controlled trials, involving 148 patients, Sobin et al. investigated the utility of depression subtypes in predicting ECT response and concluded that ECT was a treatment option for patients with major depression; however, neither the presence of psychotic features, retardation, and/or agitation predicted superior response [ 111].
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By contrast, both the PHQ-9 and PHQ-2 have better sensitivity and specificity at the standard major depression cutpoints; however, compared to the 15-item GDS, both risk missing cases because of their lower sensitivity at those cutpoints.
Our study found a strong positive association between major depression and disabilities, however the cross-sectional nature of the study design limits conclusion whether disability led to depression or vice-versa.
A recent study using the PHQ-9 reported that waist circumference in the third and fourth quartiles was significantly associated with an increased likelihood of moderate-to-severe depression but not major depression [ 45], however, that study was conducted in U.S. adult women only, and only age- or age- and BMI-adjusted odds ratios were reported [ 45].
However, since both major depression and depressive symptoms are associated with adverse outcomes in diabetes, there is a need to examine cost-effectiveness of treatment options for minor and mild-major depression as well, which is underscored by high prevalence of elevated depression symptoms in patients with diabetes and growing prevalence of diabetes due to the demographic change.
However, major depression disorder (MDD) is characterized by altered emotion processing and deficits in cognitive control.
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