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Aflatoxin-contaminated maize was dried to completeness in a horizontal airflow oven (VWR International LLC, Radnor, PA) set at 45 °C for 7 days.
Only one study (Burt et al., 2010) investigated the pVAC retention in maize after drying, showing that high heat (90°C) was not more detrimental than low heat (above 25C°) when maize was dried in the oven.
In an unpublished study the pVAC levels of two genotypes were compared after maize was dried under the sun as grain or cob, but no difference was found between the two genotypes (Natalia Palacios, CIMMYT Global Maize Program, oral communication).
The maize was dried in the oven either at 90°C for 8 hours or at 25°C (ambient temperature) for 72 hours, and the control samples frozen at –80°C for 48 hours and then lyophilized for another 48 hours.
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Maize products were dried maize kernels, maize flour (commercial or locally milled), and muthokoi (kernels with the outer hull removed).
For chemical analyses, hemp and maize were freeze dried, whereas faba bean was dried at 60°C for 3 days.
Maize kernels were dried at 60 °C for 24 h and ground in a cross hammer mill (SK 1 cross beater mill; bottom sieve 1 mm; Retsch, Haan, Germany).
The separated phospholipid emulsion layer from oils such as corn (maize) and soybean oils may be dried (commercially, these products are called lecithin) and used as emulsifiers in such products as margarine, chocolate products, and emulsion paints.
In a 3 × 2 × 2 factorial design, 240 group-housed calves (10 ± 1 d; 46.1 ± 0.1 kg) were fed different roughage sources (straw, maize silage, or maize cob silage; the latter 2 were dried and provided no extra moisture compared with straw) in 2 amounts (250 or 500 g of dry matter per day), and 2 particle sizes (chopped or ground).
The dehulled maize was solar dried on cleaned black plastic polythene sheet until moisture content was about 11%%.
Most vendors (89%) reported that their maize products were dry at the time of purchase.
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