Maize streak virus -strain A (MSV-A; Genus Mastrevirus, Family Geminiviridae), the maize-adapted strain of MSV that causes maize streak disease throughout sub-Saharan Africa, probably arose between 100 and 200 years ago via homologous recombination between two MSV strains adapted to wild grasses.
Setosphaeria turcica (anamorph Exserohilum turcicum, formerly known as Helminthosporium turcicum) is a fungal pathogen that causes northern corn leaf blight (NCLB) in maize.
Ustilago maydis is a pathogenic plant fungus that causes smut disease in maize and teosinte.
It is a biotrophic parasite that causes smut disease in maize, which is characterized by the formation of tumors, called galls, on aerial plant tissue [ 30, 31].
Setosphaeria turcica is a fungal pathogen that causes northern corn leaf blight (NCLB) which is a serious foliar disease in maize.
Meanwhile, the scarcity of sorghum and maize that resulted from the weak rains late last year had caused prices to double or triple in some areas.
Nirenberg (synonym F. moniliforme Sheldon, teleomorph Gibberella moniliformis Wineland) is a fungal pathogen that causes severe stalk rot and ear rot of maize and it is found in plant residues in almost every maize field at harvest [ 1].
Colletotrichum graminicola is a filamentous ascomycete that causes anthracnose leaf blight and stalk rot of maize leading to estimated annual yield losses in the US of about 6%.
Fusarium graminearum is a plant pathogenic fungus that causes Fusarium head blight (FHB) disease of small grain cereals and maize (Desjardins and Proctor, 2007; Leonard and Bushnell, 2003).
As a result, Fe deficiency is a widespread agricultural problem that causes plants growth retardation and restricts sources of nutrition from plants (e.g., rice, maize and barley) (Mori 1999; Kobayashi et al. 2010).
