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On one reckoning, in order to keep up with population growth farmers will have to grow more wheat and maize over the next 40 years than was grown in the previous 500.
Figure 1 Maize production in Ghana (1965-2005) showing area of land grown to maize over the period.
The effective resistance of maize including effective surface (rce) and aerodynamic (rae) resistance was estimated using different methods, and then the Penman Monteith model (P M model) based on effective resistance was used to estimate daily ET of maize over the whole growing stage.
For example, in the experiment performed in Cachoeira Dourada, inoculation by leaf spray with the highest inoculant dose promoted an increase of 773 kg ha−1 in grain yield of maize over the treatment that received the full dose of N fertilizer (100 % N), with no inoculation.
Using multi-spectral RapidEye imagery allowed Chll to be retrieved with a Mean Absolute Deviation MADD) of 7.9 μg cm− 2 (16%), based upon in-situ measurements conducted in fields of alfalfa, Rhodes grass and maize over the course of a growing season.
It thus seems possible that selection for reduced genome size may have contributed to the rapid expansion and adaptation of maize over the last few thousand years (Vigouroux et al. 2008) and may constitute a counterbalance to the rapid expansion of genome size due to TEs (SanMiguel et al. 1998), which may have occurred prior to the divergence of Zea species.
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This tandem array is functionally important as in maize over-expression of a tandem miR156 gene produces the Corngrass1 heterochronic mutant [ 39].
Enhanced apoplastic peroxide content was reported in transgenic maize over-expressing a wheat oxalate oxidase [ 21], although how the transgene affected growth in the root tip was not described.
In transgenic maize, over-expression of carotenogenesis genes (PSY1 and CrtI) influenced core metabolic processes in seed endosperm including a higher accumulation of sucrose [ 60].
They displayed consistency of high performance (better than the standard control varieties) and showed a lower rate of grain weight loss due to the maize weevils over the five months in the stock room.
Blue cumulative maize pollen deposition, D total (=cumulative daily deposition rate), measured with a PMO pollen monitor; green standardised integrated deposition, D S, measured with a PMF passive sampler; red variability of plant-specific leaf deposition on maize leaves over the flowering period (log-normal distribution; red curve) with mean and 90%% confidence intervals.
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