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The maize nuclear genome, for instance, has more than 4,000 Helitrons that contain inserted gene fragments [68] (L. Yang and J. Bennetzen, unpub. res).
In addition, sequence analysis of 74 randomly selected BACs showed that the maize nuclear genome contains about 37,000 candidate genes and 5,500 truncated and probable pseudogenes.
Our entry point into analyzing meiotic competence is AM1; this is a maize nuclear protein required for normal PMC maturation [ 9], and it is necessary for both meiotic initiation and progression through early prophase I [ 10].
> The overall transitions/transversions ratio (Ts Tv) was 1.44 which is slightly lower than that observed in maize nuclear SNPs (1.48) and grass chloroplast (1.3) (16, 16, 23, 29 31).
Maize nuclear fertility restorer gene Rf2 as "biochemical restorer," encoding an aldehyde dehydrogenase, plays an important role in oxidizing both aliphatic and aromatic aldehydes, reducing the amount of a toxic aldehyde and rescuing the developing pollen through a metabolic effect [ 79, 80].
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For immunodetection, maize leaf nuclear proteins were obtained from nuclei enrichment extracts according to the procedure described by Casati et al. [ 56].
The ORF also bore 98% sequence similarity to the carboxyl terminus of a maize heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoprotein U-like protein 1, U1-hnRNP (gi: 195655209).
All of the data presented here was produced with the B73 maize reference nuclear genome assembly version 2. The resulting files from this comparison were uploaded as a custom track on the maize genome browser at MaizeGDB to visualize the mtDNA insertions relative to the chromosome 9 centromere, BACs, and the gene models (Sen et al. 2010).
In maize, the P2 nuclear genotype is used as a system for understanding mutations in mtDNA, where abnormal recombination products remarkably increase as the copy number of subgenomic molecules of maize mtDNA increases [ 36].
Transient expression of the ZmR1 transcription factor known to positively regulate the anthocyanin pathway in maize revealed strong nuclear localization when ZmR1 was co-expressed with ZmTTK1 and Tin2, but not when Tin2 was omitted.
CK2α is mainly localized in nucleus in maize [64], and several nuclear proteins are identified as substrates of CK2α in maize and barley [40, 68], suggesting that rice Hd6 also functions in nucleus.
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