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For maize expressing the Cry1F toxin (maize 1507, maize 1507 × NK603), O. nubilalis and Sesamia spp. were listed as TOs.
In each case, insect resistance management plans were included for O. nubilalis (GM maize expressing the Cry1Ab or Cry1F toxins) and for Diabrotica spp. (GM maize 59122).
In applications of IR maize expressing the Cry1Ab toxin (maize MON810, maize Bt 11, maize NK603 × MON810), O. nubilalis and Sesamia spp. were indicated as TOs.
Transgenic maize expressing the Cry1Ab toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt-maize) has been grown in Spain since 1998, representing about 5% of the total maize area.
For B. thuringiensis maize expressing the Cry1Ab or Cry1F protein, only in 20% of the applications were the target pest species O. nubilalis and Sesamia sp. evaluated in the field (maize 1507; Tables 3 and 4).
The same laboratory toxicity tests were submitted in different applications of different B. thuringiensis maize expressing the same class of toxins (e.g. Cry 1Ab) without taking into account possible event-specific differences.
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ACB can develop strong resistance to the transgenic Bt maize expressing Cry1Ab, the most widely commercialized Bt maize worldwide.
Resistance enabled S. frugiperda to survive and feed on Bt maize expressing Cry1F toxin in the field and led to the withdrawal of this product from Puerto Rico [ 11].
Only 67% of the studies for maize expressing a coleopteran-active toxin (maize 59122) assessed the relevant TO occurring in Europe, the Western corn rootworm, D. v. virgifera.
Transgenic maize expressing insecticidal toxins derived from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) are widely used for the management of WCR.
An example of the first of these approaches is already on the market, namely transgenic maize expressing Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin, targeted to the European corn borer.
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