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Transgenic maize expressing the Cry1Ab toxin from Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt-maize) has been grown in Spain since 1998, representing about 5% of the total maize area.
In Egypt, the cultivated maize area reached about 88,000 ha that yielded almost 7.2 million metric tons of grains (Anonymous 2017).
Nonetheless, if counties or federal states strongly increase their GM maize area shares, and possibly in the case of more than one cultivated GM crop, the conflict potential is expected to increase.
We used the minimum isolation distances of 150 m to non-GM maize fields and 300 m to organic maize fields, as valid throughout Germany, and varied (a) scenarios of different GM maize shares (10% and 70% of the total maize area of each county) and (b) scenarios without versus with a 1,000-m 1,000-mdistance buffern protectedistanceand GM maize fields.
European farmers sowed GMO maize on 114,490 hectares last year, or just over 1percentt of the total EU maize area, the ISAAA said.
First commercialized in 1996, Bt maize was grown in 13 countries on a total of over 35 million hectares (>24% of maize area worldwide) in 2007 [1], [2].
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The monthly nitrate-N load, however, was increased when winter wheat and maize areas are converted to rape.
The higher the share of maize, the more difficult it is to allocate GM maize areas without violating the minimum distance rules.
Hence, larger maize areas tend to be associated with the lower shares of protected areas and, interestingly, with smaller arable area sizes.
The area planted to maize decreased in the Highveld by 23percentt compared to the five-year average probably due low returns to maize farming as perceived by the more market-oriented farmers The figures also show insignificant decreases in maize areas in the moist middlevled and the dry Middleveld as well as in the Lowveld compared to the five-year average.
The results indicated that there was a significant reduction in maize leaf area, leaf area index, and photosynthetically active radiation due to weed interference at both sites.
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