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Polar transport of the phytohormone auxin and the establishment of localized auxin maxima regulate embryonic development, stem cell maintenance, root and shoot architecture, and tropic growth responses.
Auxin is a plant hormone which regulates a large number of root biological processes including the regulation of cell division and differentiation in processes as diverse as root hair production, meristem maintenance, root gravitrophism and lateral root production.
A CLAVATA-like pathway has been implicated in RAM maintenance, root specific RLKs have been identified in Arabidopsis with the peptide CLAVATA3/ESR-RELATED 19 (CLE19) a possible ligand, but due to redundancy within this large family of kinases the pathway has not yet been fully described [ 50, 51].
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Notably, this distinct pathway controlling the initiation and maintenance of root meristems in different root types may be involved in context-specific use of homologous factors or interactions that occur between these hormonal signalling pathways.
AtMMS21 acts in DSB amelioration and stem cell niche maintenance during root development [ 24].
In Arabidopsis too, Ma et al. (2003) measured the rate of PR elongation and concluded that while the rate is decreased in low P, ethylene is important for the maintenance of root elongation and further that the roots are more sensitive to ethylene in the low P media [as determined by the use of 1-methylcyclopropene (1-MCP) and AVG].
In maize primary roots, soluble carbohydrates together with proline account for osmotic adjustment which has an essential role in maintenance of root elongation at low water potentials [ 48, 49].
Roots sense the edaphic water deficit, send chemical signals to shoots, and maintenance of root growth despite reduced water availability can contribute to drought tolerance through water foraging [ 22].
In addition, other strategies such as osmotic adjustment, maintenance of root viability, membrane stability, and accumulation of proteins and other metabolites including proline, glycine betaine, and trehalose help, directly or indirectly, in the maintenance of plant metabolism under drought stress (Huang et al. 2014; Cohen et al. 2015; Ngumbi and Kloepper 2016).
This maintenance of root growth in drying soil is beneficial to plants as they can reach deeper water resources.
It regulates cell elongation and division, the development and maintenance of root apical meristems, and other processes.
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