Businesses benefit from CL since it has the potential to reach a large area [2, 9], relies upon a flexible workforce [26] and requires only an asset-light infrastructure that makes investments in vehicle fleet, employees and maintenance redundant [2, 3, 14, 16, 25, 26].
While there are hydraulic or energetic costs involved in the creation and maintenance of redundant networks, there are also clearly benefits to redundancy, otherwise this network form would not be so prevalent in leaves.
Could the maintenance of redundant por genes account for the apparent loss of the genes encoding LIPOR (chlL, chlN, and chlB) in some chloroplast genomes [ 4, 45, 46]?
Our analyses support a single origin of the DXR-II family through functional divergence, in which constitutes an exceptional model of acquisition and maintenance of redundant gene functions between non-homologous genes as a result of convergent evolution.
The DXR-I/DXR-II model constitutes an exceptional natural model to experimentally test the emergence and maintenance of redundant gene function between non-homologous genes as a result of convergent evolution, as opposed to their emergence from intragenomic duplicates, or paralogs.
Parking enforcement was contracted out, City Hall workers dismissed, street maintenance workers made redundant.
Besides these models, the maintenance of functionally redundant copies (without functional divergence) could be adaptive under specific circumstances, either through dosage effect or as a means of genetic robustness against deleterious mutations [ 14- 16] and therefore also explain the fixation of duplications in species [ 11].
Equally, provided the company has been funded and is paying a minimum salary to the entrepreneur (e.g. £15,000 to £20,000) the maintenance qualification would appear redundant.
The DXR-II family could have emerged under an ecological context that conferred a selective advantage to the emergence and maintenance of a functionally redundant enzyme, e.g. when gene dosage is selectively advantageous.
The approach combines RBD and SPN models to represent and evaluate cloud infrastructures with complex redundant mechanisms and maintenance policies.
The shared library maintenance model avoids keeping additional, redundant, separate copies of the same or only slightly different versions of a particular library.
