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Caldesmon inhibits actin-activated myosin magnesium adenosine triphosphatase activity and inhibits the maintenance of contractile force.
Analysis of the myoglobin mutant striated muscle reveals a spectrum of adaptive mechanisms that partially compensate for the absence of myoglobin and further supports an important function for this hemoprotein in the maintenance of contractile function during exercise under ambient and hypoxic conditions.
Thus, initiation and maintenance of contractile responses to ET-1 were dominated by smooth muscle ETA-receptors and were hardly affected by basal or endothelinergic influences of SMN or the endothelium.
Recently Molnár et al. [ 25] showed that PKCα contributes to the maintenance of contractile force in human cardiomyocytes, which is in line with our results that PKCα treatment does not negatively affect maximal force.
Our studies indicate that in young skeletal muscle, SOCE contributes to maintenance of contractile force under high frequency stimulation, where Ca2+ requirements may exceed the capacity of the intracellular store to provide for sustained and repetitive contractions, almost as if there is a fatigue component to the SOCE regulation of contractile force.
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High levels of α-actin and calponin expression, combined with visual evidence of smooth muscle cell contractions elicited by ET-1 (and other contractile agonists) indicated the maintenance of a contractile phenotype in these cultures.
However, the precise role of iNOS in the maintenance of cardiac contractile function remains elusive.
Lsk1 also resembles a latrunculin-sensitive kinase implicated in the maintenance of the contractile ring at the cell equator [43].
miR-143/145 are the first miRNAs suggested to be relatively specific for SMCs and play an important role for the regulation of SMC fate and maintenance of the contractile phenotype [6], [11].
It is noteworthy that the dampened Akt/eNOS phosphorylation observed in our ob/ob mice may contribute to enhanced cardiac oxidative stress and compromised cardiac function since the Akt-eNOS cascade is known for its role in cardiac survival, glucose uptake and maintenance of cardiac contractile function [30].
To ensure maintenance of the contractile phenotype, we used cells in the second to sixth passages for experiments.
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Justyna Jupowicz-Kozak
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