Systems biology paradigm has provided insights in the maintenance of robustness for biological processes involving a multitude of interconnected elements (e.g., genes, proteins, metabolites) [ 1].
Moreover, depending on topological features, the maintenance of robustness differs when networks are faced with structural perturbations.
A study on 4718 haploid nonessential gene deletion strains revealed that approximately half showed abnormal morphological traits compared to the parental strain [ 6], and approximately 500 of these genes were thought to be phenotypic capacitors required for the maintenance of phenotypic robustness [ 7].
The redundancy and feedback in these networks allows for robustness of phenotype and maintenance of homeostasis [6,7].
Such regulation of differentiation rate would be important for robustness in the development and maintenance of multicellular systems.
The discussion emphasizes how class hierarchies for OO FEA platforms may be designed to ease implementation, verification, and maintenance while promoting robustness and generality.
Finally, several modes of natural selection could operate over regulatory regions that would result in a rapid turnover of functional binding sites and maintenance of numerous cryptic signals, such as compensatory selection, stabilizing selection or selection for robustness to mutation.
"We made it the way it needs to be for robustness.
The results are tested for robustness in several ways.
The fact that selection occurs at the local level implies, paradoxically, that some lack of robustness at lower levels may be necessary for robustness in the larger system.
For many reasons, most importantly the symmetries between design for robustness and design for manufacture.
