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Maintaining protective levels of circulating antibodies by vaccination is necessary for clinical protection against disease.
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These data are supported by a recent Canadian study showing that only 46% of children maintained protective levels of antibody 1 year after receiving a single dose of AS03B-adjuvanted pandemic influenza vaccine [ 23].
As noted above, continuous stimulation of the host immune system by persistently infected vaccine virus at low levels may be a key factor for maintaining protective immunity not only against homologous but also heterologous SIV over a long period.
Ultimately, the combination of prolonged low-level antigen presentation and Th1 cytokine production may be optimal for maintaining protective mucosal immune responses.
Under conscious sedation, patients are able to maintain protective airway reflexes and can recover quickly.
In light of these experiences, the United Kingdom began requiring booster doses of Hib and meningococcal vaccines to maintain circulating antibodies at protective levels.
The need for maintaining during chemotherapy a protective level of serum antibodies for poliomyelitis and diphtheria is in part attenuated by the protection afforded by herd immunity, given the high percentage of protective antibody titres present in the healthy population.
In addition, a protective role of glypican-3 has been reported by Peters et al., showing that expression of rat Glypican-3, on mouse breast cancer cell line LM3, inhibited aggressive behavior by maintaining adequate levels of protective molecules [ 60].
However, a mathematical model has predicted that following reduced-antigen-content dTpa vaccines, protective levels of anti-diphtheria antibodies comparable to full-strength DTPa can be maintained for 10 y.
A total of 17% (27/158) lacked protective levels of ATA.
Precise human palivizumab protective levels are not established.
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