Tropical forests are globally significant ecosystems; accounting for ~50% of global forest area [1], storing ~ 45% of all carbon in terrestrial vegetation [2 4], maintaining high biodiversity [5], and providing ecosystem services, such as timber, non-timber forest products [6], and climate change mitigation [7, 8].
Tropical forests are globally significant ecosystems; accounting for ~50% of global forest area [ 1], storing ~ 45% of all carbon in terrestrial vegetation [ 2- 4], maintaining high biodiversity [ 5], and providing ecosystem services, such as timber, non-timber forest products [ 6], and climate change mitigation [ 7, 8].
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Except during high timber harvest intensities, Korean pine maintained its coverage and age structure to a certain extent under a medium seed harvest level.
The average timber volumes are consistently below 350 m3/handnd indicate a substantial reduction of the initially high timber volumes in southern Germany.
The average timber volumes are consistently below 350 m/ha and indicate a substantial reduction of the initially high timber volumes in southern Germany.
The strategy balances environment, community and economy by reducing forestry impact while maintaining the timber commodity and providing jobs.
Therefore, proper care must be taken while maintaining timber products to produce minimum impact on the environment.
Investigations have revealed that such SFM is beneficial not only in maintaining timber resources but also in conserving the carbon stock in the residual stands [4] [6], [11].
On the other hand, RIL-adoption may provide carbon revenues while maintaining timber revenues at a level close to the baseline.
