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For species with Allee effects, the use of protected areas can ensure persistence following mass mortality events while maintaining ecosystem services during the recovery period.
Some of these options involve trade-offs between the goals of conserving biodiversity and maintaining ecosystem services, while other options address both goals in a win win scenario.
Special attention should then be directed to trees and stands with high biodiversity values, or those important for maintaining ecosystem services.
There is an increased understanding that the challenges of producing enough food and biomass while maintaining ecosystem services cannot be met by modern intensive "non-organic" agricultural practices that rely heavily on synthetic fertiliser input and pesticide application4.
Because of its fast transformation rate, there is an enormous demand for knowledge, and its application, about the effects of land-use/land-cover on the capacity of providing or maintaining ecosystem services.
The major opportunity for both maintaining ecosystem services and biodiversity outside conservation areas lies in promoting diversity of land-use at the landscape and farm rather than field scale.
Similar(44)
These results highlight the general principle that the likelihood of meeting the joint challenge of sufficiently increasing food production while maintaining ecosystem service and species habitat provision will increase if we allocate cropland to areas of high or increasing agricultural productivity that do not also provide high levels of ecosystem services or important habitat.
Policy objectives to maintain ecosystem services are increasingly set.
Consequently, natural regeneration and restoration are required to maintain ecosystem services.
What we can do is to attempt to maintain ecosystem services despite climate-driven environmental change.
Protected areas are currently the primary strategy employed worldwide to maintain ecosystem services and mitigate biodiversity loss.
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