For H. pylori, data derived from in vitro experiments suggest that this hyperproliferation may be a secondary response to increased cell death in order to maintain cell mass in the mucosa [44].
Interstitial GABA may also have a role in maintaining beta cell mass [ 9, 10].
As a result of the growing interest in beta cell preservation as a potential cure for diabetes, a number of different treatments aimed at protecting the beta cell and maintaining beta cell mass have been evaluated.
Null islets showed ectopic caspase-3 immunoreactivity in both normally and weakly C-PEP+ null islets (Fig. 3l, m) and persistent mitotic activity, mostly in those exhibiting low C-PEP staining (Fig. 3n, o), thus maintaining beta cell mass and median islet size (Fig. 4d and ESM Fig. 3a).
GLP1 amplifies glucose-induced insulin secretion and maintains beta cell mass by suppressing apoptosis and stimulating proliferation.
There is also evidence from animal studies that lixisenatide can maintain beta cell mass and function through stimulation of islet cell proliferation and neogenesis, and inhibition of islet cell apoptosis.
Although metformin is associated with beta cell decline, studies suggest that it is not as marked as with sulfonylureas [ 9, 12, 32].Accumulating data suggest that thiazolidinediones, GLP-1 agonists and DPP-IV inhibitors may help to maintain beta cell mass and function [ 9, 68].
The mass deposit on the electrode (or loss of lithium) gives an indication of the amount of pre-lithiation required to maintain cell performance while the amount of mass deposited on the SEI helps to decide the safe operating condition for which the clogging of pores and capacity fade will be minimal.
It has been suggested that prevention of glucose toxicity (e.g. hyperglycaemia) via the insulin-independent mechanism of action of SGLT2 inhibitors may help to preserve β-cell function by maintaining β-cell mass and reducing β-cell death 27.
Our results indicate that AIF is essential for maintaining β-cell mass and for oxidative stress response.
