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First, blockade of PDEs reveals a constitutive AC activity indicating that PDEs are also constitutively active in maintaining a basal level of cAMP in the cell.
It was therefore tempting to speculate that Toll-9 may play a role in localized epithelial defense by maintaining a basal level of antimicrobial peptides in the gut, a tissue in constant contact with microorganisms.
Consistent with our experience with the R26rtTACreER locus, studies of rtTA activation of target genes reveals a progressive silencing in neurons that can be overcome either by maintaining a basal level of target gene expression throughout development or by providing very high levels of rtTA [47].
A recent study indicates that DAF-16 plays a role in maintaining a basal level of immunity, but that it does not appear to be induced by pathogens; instead other immune signaling pathways appear to be induced by pathogen-exposure [40].
We propose that the NF-Y-binding sites are not only critical for maintaining a basal Txnip promoter activity but also involved in the induction of Txnip expression by glucose or adenosine-containing molecules, presumably through sustaining certain chromatin status that helps optimize the induction (Figure 10C; and also see below).
On the one hand, the low methylation levels in the proximal region (CpG1, CpG2 and CpG3) in all tissues, suggest that this region may be important for maintaining a basal gene expression.
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Vascular tissue engineered with human umbilical arterial smooth muscle cells maintained a basal contractile tone of 13.1 ± 2.1 kPa and generated another 5.1 ± 0.8 kPa when stimulated with endothelin-1.
Results of the current study show that resting annulus cells secrete ATP and maintain a basal [ATP] ec).
We hypothesize that cells maintain a basal equilibrium stress state that is a function of the number and quality of focal adhesions, the polymerization state of the cytoskeleton, and the amount of extrinsic, applied mechanical deformation.
Our results suggest that Toll-9 is neither required to maintain a basal anti-microbial response nor to mount an efficient immune response to bacterial infection.
cDNMT3A mRNA expression was detected at a low level from E8.5 to E14.5, after which it maintained a basal level until 25 weeks of age.
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