Waddup argues that fees have generated more competition between institutions over maintaining their research reputations, as well as cash.
Changes to how research is assessed should make it easier for female academics to maintain their research ratings, another factor that has hindered longer periods of maternity leave.
While many firms maintain their research and banking departments are kept separate, Credit Suisse had an unusual setup in which a group of its technology stock analysts reported directly to Frank Quattrone, head of the its powerful technology investment banking group.
"They want to maintain their research abilities and their positions at the forefronts of their fields," Robey explains.
(IPAs are allowed to spend up to 50 days a year back at their home institutions maintaining their research programs).
To maintain their research output, she says, scientists who collaborate with China must be especially motivated and willing to make the effort to overcome cultural differences.
Universities are also increasingly dependent on foreign graduate students and postdocs to do the work that allows universities to maintain their research operations and compete for grants, Sullivan added.
Schools within a university maintain their own research budgets, therefore are not incentivized to promote active sharing of research information.
These include maintaining their own research and development facilities, constantly increasing the skill level of their staff by offering training and professional development, and sharing knowledge with each other.
With a $300,000 cap and a 2-year duration, the awards are one-third smaller and 1 year shorter than the typical NSF grant and, thus, insufficient for scientists looking to maintain their core research program.
