Exact(1)
The framework by Rushton and Yrjo-Koskinen 22 emphasizes that the livestock food value chain has stages where pathogens can be maintained, spread in both directions, and introduced from external sources.
Similar(59)
Thus, a second scenario could be a buffalo-to unidentified wild species–to-buffalo-to unidentifiede species like greater kudu (Tragelaphus strepsiceros) appear to be able to maintain, spread, and even drive a bovine TB epidemic (4, 9 ).
A common assumption is that the rodent species responsible for disease transmission are those living close to humans, but since wild species distant from human settlements have been proven to play a key role in maintaining, spreading and transmitting pathogens and parasites (e.g. [ 4]), this point of view is being questionned.
The same percentage of spread cells (i.e. cells that switched from round to flat with filopodia and maintained this spread form) was observed independent of local concentration once local concentration exceeded a minimum threshold of 4 dots/cluster (and with a constant global concentration of 50 RGD/μm) [ 53].
How was it possible that such traditions would be maintained and spread in the absence of imitation or other forms of social transmission?
This raises many questions about how these bacteria are maintained and spread throughout populations of arthropods and vertebrates.
Inhibiting actin polymerization and consequently actin contraction with cytochalasin, CPT induced apoptosis but apoptotic cells maintained the spread state and remained attached to the flask or slide.
There is proof that it has not maintained wide-spread racial diversity in a broad scope of classes.
Taken together these data suggest that talin1 is not needed for adhesion of HUVEC or for initial cell spreading, but it is required to maintain the spread phenotype, for persistence of cell movement and for FA assembly.
More detailed time course studies showed that cells expressing the W359A mutant were able to spread during the first 3 h (Fig. 4G and H and Fig. S3B), but they failed to maintain a spread morphology.
The Bank of Canada's bank rate was bumped to 5.25percenttoto damp inflationary pressures and to maintain a spread of 50 basis points, or fifty-hundredths of a percentage point, with the United States federal funds rate of 5.75percentt.
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