All animals were maintained on specific pathogen free conditions at the animal facility in Leiden University Medical Center (LUMC).
For inoculum preparation, strain FGL3-6 of the pathogen, maintained on potato dextrose agar medium, was incubated in CM medium (complete medium with casein acids hydrolysate 10 g/l, casein enzyme hydrolysate 10 g/l, yeast extract 16 g/l, and lactose 20 g/l) on a rotary shaker (150 r/min, 26°C) for three days.
As pathogen dispersal distance increases, a larger pathogen population can be maintained on the crop due to increased spillover from the wild host (Holt 1993) which accelerates the evolution and the emergence of pathogen genotypes specialized on the crop.
All animals were housed in the specific facilities which were pathogen-free and maintained on a 12-h light/dark cycle, and fed standard rodent chow at the Laboratory Animal Resources in the Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Science.
FGF21-Tg mice and wild-type littermates (Inagaki et al., 2007) were maintained on C57Bl/6J background in a specific-pathogen-free facility with 12 12 light:dark cycle, and fed 2916 global diet (Harlan).
All mice were C57BL/6 strain housed in a pathogen-free facility and maintained on a 12 hr light/dark cycle.
These mice were maintained on a 12 12-hour 12 12-hour cyclight darkpecycle pathogen-free conditions at Kagawa underrspecific
For routine growth of the fully virulent pathogen, Y. pestis was maintained on sheep blood agar plates or in heart infusion broth (HIB) with 0.2% xylose.
NIA Fischer BrownBrowNorwayay rats were kept in specific pathogen free (SPF) housing and maintained on a 12 hour light/dark cycle.
The mice were housed in a pathogen-free animal facility and maintained on a 12 h light/dark cycle.
All mice were maintained on a 12 h light/dark schedule in a temperature-controlled specific pathogen free facility and fed standard laboratory mouse chow.
