In contrast, we found that BKOs displayed well-phased rhythms from tissue to tissue when maintained in LD, suggesting that the internal phase synchrony is still maintained even in the absence of a functional master pacemaker when the animals are exposed to LD cycles.
The cultures are kept in synchrony by thermal cycling incubation [29] and are maintained in continuous log phase growth in RPM-I1640 medium (SIGMA) supplemented with 2 % washed human O Rh positive erythrocytes, 25 mM HEPES, 32 nM NaHCO3, and 10 % Human Serum from an O Rh+ donor.
Fitting models to empirical data has been used in order to determine the rules that maintain synchrony in birds (Ballerini et al., 2008), fish (Herbert-Read et al., 2011; Katz et al., 2011) and invertebrates (Ame, Halloy, Rivault, Detrain, & Deneubourg, 2006).
Various neuropeptides, notably VIP, pituitary adenylate cyclase-activating polypeptide (PACAP), arginine vasopressin (AVP), and gastrin-releasing peptide (GRP), are critical messengers in maintaining SCN synchrony and circadian rhythm in other tissues.
The T60 was the only ventilator to maintain synchrony in all scenarios, without any adjustment of sensitivity, inspiratory termination criteria, and/or NIV mode setting.
Hyperion EVI resampled at multiple resolutions (30 m; 60 m; 120 m; 250 m; 500 m) maintained synchrony with variations in the phenological events of canopy.
Strikingly, the cells maintained perfect synchrony for Whi5 nuclear exit and budding during the whole sequence of pulses (3 cycles shown in Fig. 4c); compared to the well-known asynchrony of WT cells (Fig. 4d).
Nearly all of the tissues examined here maintained phase synchrony with the SCN shell and not the SCN core.
To directly test the role of Lhx1 in maintaining SCN synchrony, we recorded electrophysiological activity of SCN slices using a multielectrode array.
When combined with R wave or pressure predictive deflation, this method maintains balloon synchrony even in patients with severe tachyarrhythmias [ 17].
