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B. crocidurae is maintained in enzootic cycles in rodents and other small mammals.
The etiologic agent, CCHF virus (CCHFV; family Bunyaviridae, genus Nairovirus), is maintained in enzootic cycles involving agricultural and wild animals and the vector, Hyalomma ticks.
In South America, YFV is maintained in enzootic cycles involving monkeys and forest-canopy mosquitoes of the genera Haemagogus and Sabethes (6, 7 ).
Transmitted primarily by Ixodes spp. ticks and maintained in enzootic cycles involving small- to medium-size mammals, POWV exists as 2 genetically divergent and spatially distinct lineages that are serologically indistinguishable: lineage I, prototype POWV and lineage II, deer tick virus (DTV) (3, 4 ).
This finding suggests that the A. phagocytophilum genotype associated with mice, voles, and shrews in Europe may be maintained in enzootic cycles by another tick vector, such as I. trianguliceps, as observed in the UK for the field vole (Microtus agrestis) (8 ).
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West Nile Virus (WNV) belongs to the genus Flavivirus and is maintained in an enzootic cycle involving birds and mosquitoes, with humans and horses as "dead-end" hosts.
3– 6 West Nile virus is maintained in an enzootic cycle between mosquitoes (predominantly Culex spp).
WNV is maintained in an enzootic transmission cycle among Culex mosquitoes and wild birds.
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV) is maintained in an enzootic cycle involving Culiseta melanura mosquitoes and avian hosts.
Eastern equine encephalitis virus (EEEV; genus Alphavirus: family Togaviridae) is maintained in an enzootic cycle between ornithophilic mosquitoes and birds.
B. garinii is also maintained in an enzootic cycle in seabirds by I. uriae, a tick found at high latitudes in both the Northern and Southern Hemispheres.
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