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However, numbers alone may provide a misleading assessment of population sustainability as these could be sink populations maintained by substantial immigration from less contaminated locations where successful reproduction still occurs.
Given the CpG → TpG/CpA mutation rate is about one order of magnitude higher than the reverse (Duncan and Miller 1980; Bulmer 1986; Sved and Bird 1990), 1) neutrally evolving codons will move toward a lower frequency of CpG; 2) CpG's at functionally significant codons will be maintained by substantial purifying selection against amino acid changes.
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From an infection control perspective, it is important to recognize that cryptic transmission cycles of tick-borne pathogens maintained by nidicolous ticks have substantial human and veterinary health risk implications when sympatric exophilic tick vectors act as a bridge to potentiate human or livestock infections.
Thus, although part of the neighbor coexpression is likely maintained by natural selection, it is likely that a substantial component of neighbor coexpression is nonselective "leaky" expression of one or both neighbors.
If the mutation rate is sufficiently high, then the equilibrium frequency of the a allele, maintained by the balance of selection and mutation pressure, can be substantial.
In summary, although a fraction of the Nc nucleotides within SSs is maintained by selection, the abundance of deleterious nucleotides in this class suggests a substantial genome-wide drift load.
A substantial body of evidence supports the hypothesis that neoplasms are initiated and maintained by a small population of cells within a tumour that possess properties similar to those of normal adult stem cells (Lobo et al, 2007).
Since these events most probably follow a Poisson distribution, it can be expected that a substantial fraction of essential genes would be inactivated very quickly, leaving only one copy that is then maintained by selection.
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