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This analysis demonstrated that SIB was maintained by negative reinforcement as a result of escaping or avoiding demand situations.
Tumour suppressor p53 is known to play a central role in prevention of tumour development, DNA repair, senescence and apoptosis which is in normal cells maintained by negative feedback regulator MDM2 (Murine Double Minute 2).
The homeostatic balance of Earth's long-term carbon cycle and the equable state of Earth's climate are maintained by negative feedbacks between the levels of atmospheric CO2 and the chemical weathering rate of silicate rocks.
Ecological diversity of different resource specialists is often maintained by negative frequency dependence [20], [21].
If diversity is maintained by negative frequency-dependence, the selection coefficient should be positive at low initial frequency and negative at high initial frequency.
When propagated in spatially heterogeneous environments (a static glass microcosm containing nutrient-rich medium [22]), populations of the ancestral smooth (SM) P. fluorescens genotype rapidly diversify, generating a range of niche specialist genotypes by mutation that are maintained by negative frequency dependent selection [22].
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Theory, predicting that homeostasis is maintained by a negative feedback on stem cell proliferation, implies a Quorum Sensing mechanism in higher vertebrates.
In both cases, the effect is strongest in neural tissues, which implies that the correlation is maintained by strong negative selection.
The colloidal gold nanoparticles formed by the process above remain in suspension by their mutual electrostatic repulsion generated and maintained by a net negative charge on their surface.
DROSOPHILA circadian rhythms are generated and maintained by two interlocked negative and positive feedback loops (reviewed in A llada and C hung 2010).
Finally, in the end stage of addiction, drug taking is maintained both by negative reinforcement and habit formation, which contributes to the compulsive nature of drug taking.
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