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However, the promoter region shared by both genes was maintained by evolutionary pressure.
These amino acids are essential for function, as confirmed by mutagenesis studies (Table 1 and Figure 2), suggesting that the conservation of these amino acids has been maintained by evolutionary pressure.
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If the alleles that fix had previously been maintained by balancing selection, evolutionary responses will be influenced, at least in part, by how standing variation is maintained.
This observation additionally supports the conclusion that G-quadruplex structure is an important element of the HIV-1 promoter region that is maintained by a strong evolutionary pressure.
Over recent decades, a vegetation-fire feedback model has emerged in which pine savannas are conceptualized as persistent, non-equilibrium communities maintained by endogenous, co-evolutionary vegetation-fire feedbacks.
We thus see that altruism can not only be maintained by the dynamics of evolutionary games, but, with correlation, can even spread and colonize originally non-altruistic populations.
Levin focuses his research on complexity, particularly how large-scale patterns — such as at the ecosystem level — are maintained by small-scale behavioral and evolutionary factors at the level of individual organisms.
Self-incompatibility (SI) polymorphisms are maintained by balancing selection over long evolutionary time scales.
A survey of other wild isolates show that the two alternative haplotypes for each region are widely distributed, suggesting they have been maintained by balancing selection over long evolutionary times.
In addition, it was shown that the present oxygen rich atmosphere on which the evolution of virtually all higher-ordered (or multicellular) life forms (from single-celled eukaryotes to the hypertrophied encephalization of the human brain and the rise of civilizations) depended was put there and maintained by life itself operating as a single planetary system over evolutionary time.
However, some functionally important genes that are maintained by balancing selection, such as major histocompatibility complex (MHC) genes, may have a different evolutionary pattern compared with neutral markers.
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