We do notice that centriole numbers drop significantly after a long-term culture, but we are not sure whether this is due to an efficiency issue (i.e. less centrioles are easier to maintain), or alternatively, due to a fitness issue (i.e. a selection against the survival of cells carrying higher numbers of centrioles).
Segments that were alternatively maintained in either promoter contained binding sites for Myb-type transcription factors, light-responsive and drought-inducible cis-elements, motifs sensitive to ABA and methyl-jasmonate, and heat stress responsive motifs.
Regulatory modules alternatively maintained in the promoter of either F3'5'H duplicate contain binding sites for Myb-type transcription factors, drought-inducible cis-elements, and motifs responsive to ABA, methyl-jasmonate, light, and heat stress.
This variation among loci has led to a long-standing interest in elucidating to what extent this genetic variation is neutral in origin or, alternatively, maintained through selective forces (Levene, 1953; Hedrick et al., 1976; Bull, 1987; Stahl et al., 1999; Prasad et al., 2012).
Dissolved oxygen levels were either left uncontrolled by choosing a constant agitation speed (900 rpm, 1100 rpm) or a stepwise manual increase/decrease of stirrer speed (900/1100/1300 rpm), or alternatively maintained at a minimum of 50% by automatic adjustment of the stirrer speed (minimal agitation 200 or 325 rpm).
The latter alternatively maintains that individuals preserve their own cultural heritage and at the same time adapt to the host society; it is based on two-dimensional models where maintaining one's own ethnic identity is independent from the assimilation of the new culture.
Alternatively, maintaining a constant bias pushes the species along a curved path towards the upper right or lower left corners, where it either always responds or never responds (negative or positive bias), regardless of the true state of the environment.
Alternatively, maintaining girls' motivation for physical literacy at 11 years of age may be helpful in preventing the decrease in total CAPL scores observed among girls who are 12 years of age.
Alternatively, maintaining the frequency of routine clinic visits at one visit per month, but reducing the frequency of nurse-attended visits has a similar effect on the number of additional nurses required as would reducing the overall frequency of clinic visits, but the cost savings are less substantial because the same number of counselors are needed in both cases.
Pasteurization of milk, widely practiced in several countries, notably the United States, requires temperatures of about 63° C (145° F) maintained for 30 minutes or, alternatively, heating to a higher temperature, 72° C (162° F), and holding for 15 seconds (and yet higher temperatures for shorter periods of time).
