Overall, only 17.8% of the chronic carriers had active HBV replication; severely immune-depressed patients tend to maintain active viral replication more frequently than those with moderate or absent immunosuppression.
Our data may provide a possible mechanism for maintaining viral latency and for selective lytic replication in dually infected PELs, i.e., through mutual inhibition of two critical lytic replication initiators.
However, many HIV controllers lack a protective HLA type, have very low frequencies of HIV-specific T cells, or maintain control of viral replication even after documented escape from HLA-restricted epitopes [14], [20], [21], [22].
However, the mechanisms of viral control in these individuals are likely to be heterogeneous as many HIV controllers lack a protective HLA type, have very low frequencies of HIV-specific T cells, or maintain control of viral replication even after documented escape from HLA-restricted epitopes [14], [20], [21], [22].
A wealth of data now suggest that most HIV controllers maintain control of viral replication at least in part through potent HIV-specific T cell responses [6], [7], [8], [9], [10], [11], [12], [13], [14], [20], [22], observations that have spurred the development of vaccines that elicit T cell responses against HIV.
Perhaps the best immune response to HIV infection is one that maintains control of viral replication while minimizing negative inflammatory consequences.
In both cases it has been suggested that the preservation of HIV-1-specific CD4+ T cell responses might be a crucial component in the overall immune responses in maintaining control over viral replication.
These findings suggest that HBV infection in early life through perinatal maternal transmission might increase the risk of HCC by maintaining a high viral replication.
This kinetic pathway may help maintain the balance between viral replication and maturation.
Despite adherence to ART being critical in controlling viral replication, maintaining health and reducing onward viral transmission, there are limited data on ART adherence amongst AYA globally.
