In this review we have highlighted these mechanisms, which include photoprotection, photochemical quenching, and high osmotic values to avoid water loss, and in some groups flexibility of secondary cell walls to maintain turgor pressure even in water-limited situations.
In addition, in order to maintain turgor during growth, cells would need to osmoregulate.
In addition, water stress induced an active osmotic adjustment and led to decreases in leaf tissue elasticity in order to maintain turgor.
The unusually high levels of sodium and chloride at concentrations usually only seen under saline conditions may be due to the necessity of maintaining turgor pressure; that is, with so little potassium and phosphate available, and that needed in the building of new tissue, B. prionotes is forced to circulate whatever other ions are available in order to maintain turgor.
This could either be due to increased transport of water from other compartments of the plant to the leaf in order to maintain turgor, or may have resulted from an osmotic adjustment due to increased synthesis of osmolytes.
In such cells changes in vacuolation may have been involved to maintain turgor pressure or may have been a result of intensification of other vacuolar functions like digestion and storage.
In response to drought stress, many plants reduce their water potential to maintain turgor by accumulating compatible solutes such as proline, mannitol, or trehalose in the cytoplasm.
The extent of osmotic adjustment in the root, although substantial, is insufficient to maintain turgor wall pressure under drought stress [ 48, 54, 55].
This, in turn, requires a continuous uptake of solutes and adjustment of the plasma membrane potential to maintain turgor.
To maintain turgor or pressure potential under osmotic stress, plants synthesise metabolites such as sugars, polyols, amino acids and betaines that have a role in protecting membranes and maintaining osmotic potential [ 11, 12].
