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Both heaters and the thermocouple were connected to a proportional-integral-derivative (PID) controller and enabled to maintain the temperature constant (<±0.1 °C).
To avoid heating of the samples, the photocontainers (with a final volume of 2.5 mL) were run at 28 °C covered by ice to maintain the temperature constant.
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Second, a suitable amount of water is conducive to dissipate the heat of the system and maintain the temperature to constant.
The results obtained from numerical modeling and experimental investigation show that such an insulation device can greatly improve the distribution of the flue gas temperature and can maintain the temperature effectively constant near the burner for a wider range of boiler load if the heat-insulation area of the MHID is sufficiently large.
An optoelectronic system was used to maintain the temperature of the resistive heating source constant during the vaporization and between the cycles.
We suppressed the effect of random errors by maintaining the temperature in a constant-temperature room within ±0.01°C.
In order to maintain the constant temperature of the etchant during etching process, a constant-temperature water bath is used.
Figure 1b presents the atomic configuration of the Cu substrate with high templates, which contains three types of atoms: red stands for the boundary atoms fixed in space, blue indicates the thermostat atoms used for maintaining the temperature of the system to be constant value of 300 K, and yellow represents the mobile atoms which motion follows the Newton's second law of motion.
Each of the test aquaria in the flow-through system was individually delivered by a mixture of water fitted with a cooling device to maintain the constant temperature (18±1°C).
To maintain the gas temperature approximately constant, a linear PI controller and a nonlinear control law which manipulates the flow rate of two heating coils inside the cylinder are added.
Adopting a management strategy that maintains the turbine inlet temperature constant the best off-design performance is reached with Cyclopentane as working fluid.
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