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One remains in the stem cell state to maintain the stem cell population, a process called self-renewal.
Although Notch and other signalling pathways have previously been reported to regulate quiescence of stem cells4,5,6,7,8,9, the composition and source of molecules that maintain the stem cell niche remain largely unknown.
However, the therapeutic potential of hMSCs cannot be realized without gaining a more complete understanding of the in vitro culture parameters that can best maintain the stem cell phenotype and multipotency during expansion.
This reversible switch from activation to dormancy has also been observed with hematopoietic stem cells as they maintain the stem cell pool following bone marrow injury [43].
This is in accordance with the role of each of these proteins and suggests that laminin can be important to maintain the stem cell status prior to differentiation whereas periostin seems to have a role at the end of the differentiation, specifically in the mineralization process [21].
All of these act together to maintain the stem cells in their undifferentiated state.
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Follow-up studies need to determine which mechanisms besides Hedgehog and mTORC1 signalling induce and maintain the stem-cell character of these cells, which type of embryonic chondrocyte evolves into a resting-zone stem cell, and how the induction of that process is linked to the formation of secondary ossification centres.
This cleavage generates precursor miRNAs (pre-miRNAs) that maintain the stem-loop conformation [ 30].
Myofibroblasts have also been shown to maintain the stem-like phenotype of CRC stem cells through the secretion of HGF (Vermeulen et al, 2010).
Premature release of Hand1 triggers differentiation, whereas the presence of Hand1 is also required to maintain the stem-cell potential of trophoblast stem cells.
As myofibroblasts have been shown to maintain the stem-like phenotype of CRC stem cells through the production of HGF (Vermeulen et al, 2010), we also ascertained whether HGF was also present in the myofibroblast microenvironment surrounding lymph node metastases.
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