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Based on contemporary understanding of acid-base balance, previous work by several groups have attempted to replace the bicarbonate with NaOH, Tris, and organic ions [16, 17], believing this would maintain physiological pH.
Consequently, a pH-control is absolutely vital to maintain physiological pH values during microbial cultivation [ 19].
Due to the highly glycolytic metabolism of solid tumours, there is an increased acid production, however, cells are able to maintain physiological pH through plasma membrane efflux of the accumulating protons.
In non-cancerous cells, the primary source of ATP generation is through the citric acid cycle, and therefore these cells maintain physiological pH and so have normal DNA integrity.
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HEPES is a good buffering agent for maintaining physiological pH.
Cytosolic CAs I and II are both expressed in red blood cells and are necessary for maintaining physiological pH of the blood through production of HCO3− [ 23].
Young et al. exploited a hypomorphic mutant of Pma1 that was incapable of maintaining physiological pH under conditions of extracellular acid stress and showed that cytosolic acidification correlated with repression of lipid metabolism genes.
Twenty four hours post-transfection, regular culture media was replaced with HEPES-buffered media (10 m m HEPES-KOH, pH7.5) for maintaining physiological pH outside a CO2 incubator, and where appropriate sodium arsenite was added to cells at final concentration of 0.5 m m.
Lastly, the animal was intubated and connected to a small animal respirator (Model 683, Harvard Apparatus, Holliston, MA) to maintain physiological blood pH.
CAs help tumor cells to cope with acidic and hypoxic stress by reversible hydration of carbon dioxide to proton and bicarbonate [ 6], thereby maintaining physiological intracellular pH, despite the acidic extracellular environment.
Cell suspension is further homogenized using a homogenizing apparatus and buffers that maintain physiological conditions.
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