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Cell-laden nanofiber scaffolds were tested in vitro to maintain hepatocyte function over a two-week period.
On the other hand, the growth of understanding mechanisms to maintain hepatocyte function will be applied to advance the development of bioreactors and to translate toward the establishment of bioartificial liver devices (BALs) offering support to patients suffering from acute liver failure.
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Several limited liver cell models were reported, for instance, the microfluidic 3D Hepa Tox Chip, which is based on multiplexed microfluidic channels where a 3D microenvironment is engineered in each channel to maintain hepatocyte functions (Toh et al. 2009).
We have developed a primary hepatocyte culture system that supersedes the traditional methodology of maintaining hepatocyte function and polarity in collagen double gel sandwich systems.
However, a major drawback of this system is the lack of heterotypic cell cell contacts that have been shown to be relevant for maintaining hepatocyte function (Fig. 17b).
Although the extracellular matrix is known to undergo changes during the injury response, its impact on maintaining hepatocyte function and viability in this process remains largely unknown.
Although no co-culture technologies were applied, the use of matrix scaffolds for maintaining hepatocyte function and triggering proliferation seems promising and superior compared with sandwich or spheroid culture techniques.
Therefore, in parallel to investigations of maintaining hepatocyte function using co-cultures, methods for in vitro expansion are under development with mixes of NPCs, certain liver-derived cell types or fibroblast cell lines (Goulet et al. 1988; Shimaoka et al. 1987; Uyama et al. 2002).
We immortalized the MSC as a precursor for hepatocyte-like cells by using both human telomerase reverse transcriptase gene (hTERT) and Bmi-1 through lentiviral transduction[ 25], and examined whether the resulting immortalized cells after differentiation induction could maintain hepatocyte phenotypes and metabolic functions.
In order to investigate the role of 3D cell cell interactions in maintaining hepatocyte differentiated functions ex vivo, primary mouse hepatocytes were cultured either as monolayers on tissue culture dishes (TCD) or as 3D aggregates in rotating wall vessel (RWV) bioreactors.
While these models have proved invaluable in advancing basic liver biology in both a practical and cost-effective way, they are unable to fully replicate and maintain convincing hepatocyte function in vitro (Berthiaume et al. 1996).
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