Our data suggest that levosimendan may protect mitochondria from oxidative stress and maintain cellular energy homeostasis during septic shock by opening mitochondrial KATP channels.
It is well known that CKs play key roles in energy metabolism in high energy-consuming tissues like brain and skeletal muscle through providing a temporal and spatial ATP buffer to maintain cellular energy homeostasis [20], [21].
Ischemia decreases the delivery of oxygen and substrates to a level inadequate to maintain cellular energy.
Autophagy is activated to maintain cellular energy homeostasis in response to nutrient starvation.
An increase in intracellular AMP/ATP ratio activates AMPK to maintain cellular energy balance (Kahn et al, 2005).
AMPK is a sensor of energy status that responds to the increase of AMP or ADP cellular concentration to maintain cellular energy homeostasis.
It has been demonstrated that intracellular lipid mobilization is particularly advantageous during NR, and lipophagy-mediated FFAs liberation essentially serves to maintain cellular energy homeostasis.
The increased abundance of these above-mentioned transcripts may help to maintain cellular energy metabolism at low temperatures to compensate for low growth rate [ 38].
Autophagy is an important cellular process that controls cells in a normal homeostatic state by recycling nutrients to maintain cellular energy levels for cell survival via the turnover of proteins and damaged organelles.
Inhibition of PI3K/mTOR signaling is known to induce autophagy, a process in which cytoplasmic contents are degraded in order to maintain cellular energy balance and survival [ 16, 20].
This might indicate that glucose uptake also plays a role in regulating the balance between ROS production and scavenging, suggesting that glucose uptake must be tightly controlled to maintain cellular energy homeostasis and redox status.
